CareEdge's projection is built on a specific set of assumptions. The report identifies a potential MDR-addressable pool of Rs 61.13 lakh crore in FY26 and applies a nominal MDR of 0.25 per cent to 0.50 per cent on select higher-value merchant transactions to arrive at the Rs 15,000-30,000 crore revenue estimate. Critically, the proposed framework carves out clear protections — consumers and P2P (person-to-person) payments would remain free. It is a targeted, tiered model rather than a blanket monetisation of the UPI rails.
The Distribution Question
While the revenue opportunity is significant, the harder — and more politically sensitive — question is how it gets shared. "The key question is how this revenue is ultimately distributed across the ecosystem and whether merchants will be willing to absorb the associated cost," said Tanvi Shah, Senior Director at CareEdge Advisory. Her framing captures the central tension in any MDR conversation on UPI — payment service providers, banks, aggregators and merchants each have distinct commercial stakes, and any monetisation model must strike a fine balance that keeps adoption momentum intact.
Why Sustainability Is Now on the Table
Shah went on to underline why the sustainability discussion has become urgent. "With UPI processing nearly 2,400 crore transactions in a single month, the ecosystem has reached a scale where sustainability of the underlying payment infrastructure is becoming as important as transaction growth," she said. When a payment rail moves multi-lakh crore rupees each month, the cost of running, maintaining and scaling the infrastructure — servers, security, fraud management, dispute resolution and network availability — begins to demand a serious financial model of its own.
The Scale of the UPI Story
Just how large is UPI today? "With 741 banks live on UPI and monthly volumes exceeding 22 billion transactions, amounting to around Rs 29.87 lakh crore in July 2026, India's UPI ecosystem has achieved remarkable scale and depth," said Kalpesh Mantri, Assistant Director at CareEdge Advisory. These numbers make UPI not just India's leading payments rail but among the most active and impactful real-time payment systems anywhere in the world.
The Structural Shift From Cash to Digital
The report also captures a broader macro shift that gives UPI its policy weight. India's payments ecosystem has undergone a structural transformation from being cash-led to digitally dominant, with digital modes accounting for 99.8 per cent of the total transaction volume and 97.9 per cent of value as of Q1FY27. That is arguably one of the most decisive payment behaviour transitions any large economy has recorded in the past decade — and UPI has been the primary vehicle of that shift.
What Made the Shift Possible
The transformation, CareEdge notes, has been enabled by a set of interlocking factors — strong policy support, interoperable infrastructure built on UPI, rapid fintech adoption, rising financial inclusion and expanding merchant digitisation. This combination has created a self-reinforcing ecosystem where each new user, each new merchant and each new use-case makes the network more valuable for the next entrant. In economics-speak, it is a textbook case of network effects at scale.
P2M Emerges as a Key Growth Engine
Perhaps the most commercially significant sub-story within UPI's growth is the rise of Person-to-Merchant (P2M) payments. As of Q1FY27, P2M transactions account for 29 per cent of UPI transaction value. This is important because P2M is precisely the segment that anchors the case for targeted MDR — it is where genuine commerce occurs, where merchants derive tangible business value from digital payments, and where the economic argument for a nominal service fee becomes strongest.
Why It Matters: The Free Rails Model Faces a Reality Check
UPI's dramatic scale-up was, in significant part, made possible by its free-to-consumer and merchant-friendly model. That approach broke down adoption barriers and pushed India into the digital payments league at unprecedented speed. However, the very success of that model is now what places pressure on its long-term financial sustainability. Building and maintaining a 22-billion-transactions-a-month rail is not a light-cost exercise, and the industry cannot indefinitely subsidise infrastructure while volumes continue to explode.
Industry Impact: A New Revenue Layer for Banks and PSPs
If a targeted MDR framework is introduced, banks, payment service providers, aggregators and fintech companies would see a new, structured revenue stream. This would be particularly relevant for the smaller and mid-sized fintech players whose economics have long been stretched by the free-rails model. A nominal MDR — carefully limited to higher-value merchant transactions — could bring meaningful margin support to the sector without materially disrupting user behaviour.
The Merchant Side of the Equation
Merchants, of course, are the other half of this equation. Small merchants who currently accept UPI for free may resist any cost increase, particularly in a hyper-competitive retail environment. However, larger merchants — for whom UPI has replaced significant volumes of cash and card payments — may find a nominal MDR on higher-value transactions palatable, provided it delivers guarantees of infrastructure reliability, fraud protection and dispute resolution. Design nuance, in other words, will make or break merchant acceptance.
Consumer Reassurance: Free Rails Still Protect the User
An important detail — one that will likely shape public sentiment — is that under the proposed framework, consumers and P2P payments will remain entirely free. This is a critical piece of communication for policymakers. UPI's enormous mainstream acceptance rests on its everyday, no-fee reliability for the individual user. Preserving that user experience while creating a monetisation window at the higher-value merchant end is arguably the most politically viable path to sustainability.
Why It Matters: Global Comparisons
Globally, most large-scale digital payment systems operate with some form of MDR or interchange fee, calibrated to the type and size of transaction. India's decision to build UPI as a public digital infrastructure with minimal transaction costs has been a policy choice — one that has delivered extraordinary adoption but has also introduced structural cost pressures on private players operating on the rails. A carefully designed MDR would begin to bring India's payments economics closer to global benchmarks, without diluting the core "public rail" identity of UPI.
Policy Considerations Ahead
Any move toward introducing MDR on UPI will need to be handled with clear regulatory choreography. The Reserve Bank of India, the Ministry of Finance, NPCI and industry stakeholders will need to align on transaction thresholds, MDR bands, sector-wise exemptions (if any), and, critically, safeguards to ensure that merchants do not pass on disproportionate costs to end consumers. Well-crafted guardrails will be the difference between a well-received monetisation model and one that faces backlash.
Fintech Impact: A Path to Profitability
For India's fintech ecosystem, the potential emergence of MDR on higher-value UPI transactions could be genuinely transformative. Many fintech companies operating on the UPI rails have struggled to build sustainable unit economics despite handling massive volumes. A structured revenue stream would give them a clearer route to profitability, potentially catalysing a healthier round of consolidation, product innovation and enterprise-focused expansion within the sector.
Audience Sentiment: A Nuanced Debate Ahead
Public sentiment on any changes to UPI economics will likely be sensitive. UPI has become so deeply woven into daily consumer behaviour that any perception of "charges on UPI" — even if targeted only at high-value merchant transactions — can trigger sharp reactions. Effective communication will be crucial. The message will need to be crystal clear: consumers pay nothing, small everyday transactions remain free, and any MDR is confined to specific high-value merchant categories.
The Bigger Picture: From Growth to Governance
India's UPI journey so far has been about extraordinary growth — extending digital access, formalising commerce and building financial inclusion at scale. The next phase, as the CareEdge report captures, is about governance and sustainability. That includes protecting the interests of consumers, ensuring viability for infrastructure operators, and building a monetisation framework that rewards investment without penalising adoption.
What Comes Next
Industry watchers will now closely track any signals from regulators, policymakers and NPCI on the potential structure and timing of MDR reforms. Whether such a framework emerges in the near term or evolves in phases, the direction of travel is clear — India's payment ecosystem is entering a phase where financial sustainability sits alongside growth as a strategic priority.
The Bottom Line
The CareEdge Ratings report crystallises a conversation that has been simmering across boardrooms, regulator meetings and payment industry conferences for some time. A targeted MDR on high-value UPI merchant transactions could unlock Rs 15,000-30,000 crore in annual revenue — significant enough to reshape the underlying economics of India's payments ecosystem. Handled with the right calibration, it could ensure that the world's most successful real-time payment rail continues to expand, innovate and serve billions of transactions each month — sustainably, securely and inclusively. As UPI enters this decisive next phase, the message is unambiguous: scale has been proven, sustainability is now the mission.
Also Read: UPI to Stay Free for Consumers, Small Merchants: PCI
